I'm not sure docker is important here, is it? Unless you want to run systemtap from within the docker instance? If so, I would assume you need to start the container in privileged mode.
External to the container should be normal though, I think. It's just a matter of running a kernel new enough to have the userspace tracing instrumentation or the utrace patch. Also a new version of systemtap (read: not from apt)
Can you provide any more detail on what kernel version, what systemtap version, etc.